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The second smallest nation in the world, after the Vatican, the Principality of Monaco has a unique institutional and political system. It is based on two principles which guarantee the stability and durability of the country’s institutions: the sovereignty of the Prince and a very close relationship with France.

It is the Sovereign Prince of Monaco, currently Prince Albert II, who holds executive power in Monaco and shares legislative authority with the National Council. The Prince also represents the Principality in its relations with foreign powers.

The Government is appointed by the Prince and operates under his authority. It is led by a Minister of State, assisted by a Council of Government. The current Minister of State is Pierre Dartout, who was appointed by Prince Albert II in 2020. The Council of Government comprises five government ministers.

The National Council shares legislative authority with the Prince. It is made up of 24 members elected by universal suffrage. It has been chaired by Brigitte Boccone-Pagès since 2022.

© Direction de la Communication - Michael Alesi
© Direction de la Communication - Michael Alesi

The second thing which makes Monegasque institutions unique is the strength and depth of their links with France. These are made clear from Article 1 of the Monegasque Constitution, which states that “the Principality of Monaco is a sovereign, independent nation under the general principles of international law and specific agreements with France.”

Having been able to withstand all of the upheavals that Europe has experienced, the Monegasque monarchy is now one of the oldest in the world, with the Grimaldi family having reigned since François Grimaldi, known as Malizia, conquered the Rocher in 1297. This has not prevented regular efforts to modernise the Principality’s institutions throughout history.

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